Epstein files
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The Epstein files are over 6 million pages of documents, images and videos detailing the criminal activities of American financier and convicted child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein and his social circle of public figures that included politicians and celebrities.[1]
During his 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump floated the idea of releasing the Epstein files,[2] though he later said that the files are fabrications by members of the Democratic Party.[3]
On November 18, 2025, the United States House of Representatives passed the Epstein Files Transparency Act in a 427–1 vote,[4] and the United States Senate unanimously approved it;[5] Trump signed the bill the next day.[6] The U.S. Department of Justice released a relatively small amount of the Epstein files by the act's deadline of December 19, 2025, leading to bipartisan criticism. On January 30, 2026, an additional 3 million pages were released, including 2,000 videos and 180,000 images.[7] Though the Department of Justice acknowledged that a total of 6 million pages might qualify as files that would have to be released under the Epstein Files Transparency Act,[8] it said the January 30 release would be the final one and that it had met its legal obligations.[9][10] The released files mentioned a number of public figures and led to increased scrutiny of Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway, Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor and Sarah Ferguson, Peter Mandelson, Steve Tisch, Elon Musk, Donald Trump, Bill Clinton, Larry Summers and Peter Attia.[11]
Background
Jeffrey Epstein was indicted in 2006[14] and accepted a plea deal in 2008.[15] He was indicted again in 2019[16] and died in prison. Epstein cultivated a social circle of public figures that included politicians and celebrities.[1] This fueled conspiracy theories that Epstein kept a list of clients to whom he had trafficked young girls, that he used it to blackmail them, and that he was killed by them; these theories were disseminated widely after his 2019 death, including by then-president Donald Trump,[17] and again in 2025.[18][19]
The term "Epstein files" refers to documents collected as evidence in the criminal cases against Epstein and his associates, stored as over 300 gigabytes of data, plus other media, in the FBI's Sentinel case management system.[20] They include his contacts book, flight logs of his planes, and court documents; some have been publicly released in redacted form.[21][22] For example, court documents and flight logs have contained various prominent individuals as having traveled with Epstein, or been in contact with him.[23]
The Epstein list
The Epstein list is a purported document within this body that contains the names of high-profile clients to whom Epstein trafficked young girls. Epstein cultivated a social circle of public figures that included politicians and celebrities, fueling claims suggesting that he maintained such a list to blackmail these associates—and that his 2019 death was not a suicide (as officially reported) but a murder to protect his clients. Claims surrounding the existence of a client list first surfaced in the immediate aftermath of Epstein's death, later reaching heightened prominence in 2025 following a now-deleted tweet from former White House senior advisor and Department of Government Efficiency associate Elon Musk alleging that United States president Donald Trump was "in the Epstein files". The Trump administration's United States Justice Department (DOJ) released a memo on July 7, 2025,[24] which stated the list did not exist and "no credible evidence [was] found that Epstein blackmailed prominent individuals as part of his actions. We did not uncover evidence that could predicate an investigation against uncharged third parties." The memo was met with skepticism from political commentators across the political spectrum, such as Alex Jones[25] and John Oliver.[26]
"Epstein's black book" or "Epstein's little black book" refers to a 97-page book of names, phone numbers, emails, and home addresses a former employee took from Epstein's home in 2005 and later tried to sell. Gawker published a redacted version in 2015, and an unredacted version was released on 8chan in 2019.[27][28][29][30] A second book of contacts, sometimes referred to as "Epstein's other little black book", was published by Business Insider in 2021, and is dated October 1997.[31] According to investigative reporter Julie K. Brown, Epstein's then-girlfriend Ghislaine Maxwell compiled the directory, which included celebrities as well as Epstein's gardeners, hairdresser, barbers, and electrician. Brown said that "the so-called list is really a red herring" and that "every time Epstein or Maxwell met somebody important, they would get their contact information, and they would put it in this file ... So it was pretty clear that this was not a black book in the sense that these were all his clients. It was just a phone directory."[32][33] The DOJ's July 2025 memo stated that no client list exists within the Epstein files and that investigators found no credible evidence Epstein used such material to blackmail associates. The memo also affirmed that Epstein's death was a suicide.[24]
Trump's relationship with Epstein
Trump and Epstein were acquainted from the late 1980s through the mid-2000s. In a 2002 interview with New York magazine, Trump called Epstein a "terrific guy" who "likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side."[34] Their relationship cooled in the early 2000s, with commonly cited reasons including disputes over employees and a 2004 real estate deal in Palm Beach, Florida, in which Trump outbid Epstein on an oceanfront mansion. In 2003, Trump contributed a letter to a bound album of birthday greetings given to Epstein on his 50th birthday; The Wall Street Journal reported the letter contained suggestive content, which Trump denied writing.[35][36] In October 2007, Trump revoked Epstein's membership at Mar-a-Lago.[37]
2023–2024 Maxwell case unsealing
In 2023, four years after Epstein's death, New York judge Loretta Preska ordered the unsealing of documents from the 2015 defamation case against Ghislaine Maxwell.[38] Anyone who had their name contained in these documents had until January 1, 2024, to appeal to have their name removed, after which date the documents would be unsealed.[39] The court documents unsealed in January 2024 contained little information that had not already been public knowledge.[40] Individuals mentioned in the released court documents include: Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor (formerly Prince Andrew, Duke of York), former US presidents Bill Clinton and Donald Trump, former New Mexico governor Bill Richardson, lawyer Alan Dershowitz, singer Michael Jackson, and physicist Stephen Hawking. Most were mentioned in passing and not accused of any wrongdoing.[1][41] Model scout Jean-Luc Brunel, accused of sexual abuse by one of Epstein's victims,[41] had died by suicide in 2022 in Paris, France, while under investigation for the rape and sex trafficking of minors.[42]
Position of Trump administration
During the 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump and his allies pledged to release files related to Jeffrey Epstein held by the federal government. Trump stated in interviews that he would "probably" make additional Epstein records public,[43] while allies including JD Vance and Donald Trump Jr. accused the Biden administration of concealing a list of Epstein's clients.[44] After taking office, Attorney General Pam Bondi announced in February 2025 that she was reviewing Epstein-related material at President Trump's direction,[45] and the FBI undertook an extensive review of approximately 100,000 records.[46]
In July 2025, the Department of Justice released a memo concluding that no "client list" existed in the Epstein files, that no credible evidence supported claims Epstein had blackmailed prominent individuals, and that his death was a suicide.[45][47][24] The announcement drew criticism from Trump supporters and Democratic lawmakers alike.[45][48] Reporting by The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times subsequently revealed that Bondi had informed Trump in May that his name appeared in the files alongside "unverified hearsay," and that officials had advised against public disclosure.[49][50] Trump characterized the files as falsified documents created by political opponents[51] and filed a defamation lawsuit against the Wall Street Journal over its coverage.[52]
On November 19, 2025, Trump signed the Epstein Files Transparency Act, which Congress passed to mandate release of DOJ records related to Epstein.[53] The signing took place without reporters present.[54]
Campaign promises (2024)
During the Biden administration, Trump allies, including Kash Patel, promoted claims that the FBI was withholding an Epstein "client list" and urged its release. In June 2024, Donald Trump Jr. accused the administration at the Turning Point Action convention of keeping the list secret to protect pedophiles; in October, JD Vance said "we need to release the Epstein list".[44]
Trump, despite having brought up a connection between Epstein and Bill Clinton at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Conference,[55] rarely mentioned the Epstein files during this period; yet, he did not refute his allies' claims.[56] On two occasions during his 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump pledged to release the Epstein files. In a June 2024 interview with Fox News, when asked whether he would declassify them, Trump responded, "Yeah, yeah, I would." The clip was shared by an official Trump campaign account on Twitter. The unedited answer aired later shows Trump saying he was not sure he would because "you don't want to affect people's lives if it's phony stuff in there, because it's a lot of phony stuff with that whole world".[57][43] In a September 2024 interview with Lex Fridman, Trump stated he would have "no problem" releasing additional Epstein files and would "probably" make the client list public.[58][43]
Initial releases and FBI review (February–May 2025)
U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi was asked on February 21, 2025, by Fox News journalist John Roberts whether the Justice Department would publish "the list of Jeffrey Epstein's clients", and Bondi replied: "It's sitting on my desk right now to review. That's been a directive by President Trump. I'm reviewing that."[45][59]
On February 27, she released documents that contained no significant new information.[46] Faced with outcry from a disappointed public, Bondi demanded that FBI Director Kash Patel provide the extensive material she had originally requested from him.[60] Michael Seidel, the section chief of the FBI's Record/Information Dissemination Section, objected to Bondi's order and was forced to resign.[60] The FBI worked on Epstein records for two weeks during late March, according to Senator Dick Durbin. He later wrote:
[Bondi] pressured the FBI to put approximately 1,000 personnel ... on 24-hour shifts to review approximately 100,000 Epstein-related records in order to produce more documents that could then be released on an arbitrarily short deadline. This effort ... was haphazardly supplemented by hundreds of FBI New York Field Office personnel, many of whom lacked the expertise to identify statutorily-protected information regarding child victims and child witnesses or properly handle FOIA requests. My office was told that these personnel were instructed to "flag" any records in which President Trump was mentioned.[46][61]
In the documents, the FBI found dozens of high-profile names, including Trump's. A unit of FOIA officers, citing exemptions in FOIA law, redacted Trump's name because, although he was then a sitting president, he had been a private citizen when the 2006 federal investigation into Epstein began.[60]
Lawyer and law professor Alan Dershowitz said in an interview with Sean Spicer on March 19, 2025, that he knew the names of individuals on such a list and unreleased files relating to Epstein, adding that "I know why they're being suppressed. I know who's suppressing them" and that he was "[...] bound by confidentiality from a judge and cases, and I can't disclose what I know".[62][19] Dershowitz had been part of the legal team that negotiated a non-prosecution agreement for Epstein in 2006.[19]
In May, Bondi informed Trump that his name appeared in the Epstein files. She also said that the files contained "unverified hearsay" about Trump and others, child pornography and identifying information on Epstein's victims. As such, officials advised that the files should not be disclosed. White House Communications Director Steven Cheung denied reports that Trump was advised not to release the files, and Bondi said that "As part of our routine briefing, we made the President aware of the findings".[49][63] Shortly thereafter, Bondi canceled her appearance at CPAC's International Summit Against Human Trafficking, citing a torn cornea.[64] According to Politico, "[f]ollowing the reported briefing in May, Trump appears to have sought to narrow the government's public disclosures to avoid releasing information."[65] On May 18, Patel and Deputy FBI Director Dan Bongino told Fox News that Epstein had died by suicide.[66]
On June 6, the Joe Rogan Experience aired an interview with Kash Patel, who said of the Epstein matter, "We've reviewed all the information, and the American public is going to get as much as we can release. He killed himself. ... Do you really think I wouldn't give that [video evidence] to you, if it existed?"[67]
DOJ memo and administration response (July–November 2025)
On July 6, 2025, Axios reported that the Department of Justice and FBI had concluded in a two-page memo that no evidence existed that Epstein kept a "client list," blackmailed prominent individuals, or was murdered; the memo also affirmed the medical examiner's finding that Epstein died by suicide.[45][68] The DOJ publicly released the memo on July 7, stating it "did not uncover evidence that could predicate an investigation against uncharged third parties" and would not release further Epstein-related documents.[69][47][70] When asked what Bondi had meant in February when she said Epstein material was "on her desk," White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said Bondi had been referring to "the entirety of all of the paperwork" related to Epstein's crimes rather than any specific client list; Bondi offered a similar clarification at a cabinet meeting the following day.[71][72][73]
The administration's position drew criticism from across the political spectrum. Democratic representatives challenged the findings,[48] while right-wing activists and influencers—including the Hodgetwins, Alex Jones, Rogan O'Handley, and Liz Wheeler—expressed skepticism.[18][45] Bondi faced particular criticism from many in the MAGA movement.[74][75][76] Podcaster Joe Rogan called the administration's reversal a "line in the sand," particularly for supporters who had backed Trump based on promised transparency.[77][78] At a July 9 White House meeting that included Bondi, Dan Bongino, Kash Patel, and chief of staff Susie Wiles, Bongino and Patel were reportedly confronted over the memo; Bongino subsequently considered resigning.[79][80] On August 18, Bondi and Patel announced that Missouri Attorney General Andrew Bailey would share the deputy FBI director role with Bongino, with Bailey sworn in on September 15.[81] Some figures supported the administration's account that further disclosure was unnecessary, including Epstein's former attorney David Schoen, who had helped negotiate a 2008 plea deal.[82]
Donald Trump @realDonaldTrumpTheir new SCAM is what we will forever call the Jeffrey Epstein Hoax, and my PAST supporters have bought into this 'bullshit,' hook, line, and sinker. [...] Let these weaklings continue forward and do the Democrats work, don't even think about talking of our incredible and unprecedented success, because I don't want their support anymore!
July 16, 2025[51]
Beginning in mid-July, Trump characterized the Epstein files as falsified documents created by political opponents including the Biden administration, Barack Obama, and Hillary Clinton.[83][51] On July 16, the Justice Department fired Maurene Comey, the federal prosecutor who had prosecuted Epstein; she is the daughter of James Comey, whom Trump had fired as FBI Director in 2017.[84] On July 17, the day The Wall Street Journal reported that Trump had written a letter included in a book celebrating Epstein's 50th birthday 22 years earlier, Trump announced on Truth Social that he had instructed Bondi to seek court approval to release "any and all pertinent Grand Jury testimony," calling the ongoing attention a "SCAM, perpetuated by the Democrats."[85] Bondi replied that she was "ready to move the court tomorrow."[86] Legal observers noted the transcripts were not expected to contain significant new information.[87] The following day, Trump sued the Journal—including two reporters, owner Rupert Murdoch, and parent companies Dow Jones and News Corp—for defamation and libel.[52] On July 21, the White House removed a Journal reporter from the press pool for Trump's Scotland trip.[88]
The Justice Department's requests to unseal grand jury materials were denied by federal judges. On July 23, Judge Robin Rosenberg ruled she could not grant a request for Florida grand jury documents based solely on "extensive public interest" outside of a legal proceeding, ordering instead that a new case be opened.[89] Ghislaine Maxwell's attorneys opposed disclosure, calling it "a broad intrusion into grand jury secrecy" given Maxwell's remaining "legal options" and "due process rights."[90] On August 8, the DOJ expanded its request to include grand jury exhibits in both the Maxwell and Epstein cases.[91] Judge Paul Engelmayer denied the Maxwell request on August 11, ruling that the administration's "entire premise—that the Maxwell grand jury materials would bring to light meaningful new information about Epstein's and Maxwell's crimes, or the Government's investigation into them—is demonstrably false"; he characterized the government's public explanations as "disingenuous."[92][93] Judge Richard Berman later denied a similar request for Epstein case materials.[94]
Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche met with Ghislaine Maxwell on July 24 and 25 at the U.S. attorney's office in Tallahassee.[95][96] The Justice Department released the interview transcript and audio recording on August 22.[97][98] Maxwell, having been sentenced to 20 years, was incarcerated at FCI Tallahassee at the time of the interviews.[99] She was given limited immunity in the interviews, meaning that her answers to her interviewers' questions cannot be used against her.[100] Blanche is Trump's personal lawyer and his political appointee. The previous year, Blanche had referred to Maxwell's lawyer, David Oscar Markus, as a "friend."[101]
Maxwell told Blanche: "I certainly never witnessed the President in any of — I don't recall ever seeing him in his [Epstein's] house, for instance. I actually never saw the president in any type of massage setting. I never witnessed the President in any inappropriate setting in any way. The President was never inappropriate with anybody."[102] CNN noted that Maxwell lied about her own crimes and the crimes of Epstein in the interview, and that she appeared to be attempting to flatter Trump with statements such as "I admire his extraordinary achievement in becoming the president now" and "I like him, and I've always liked him."[103] Regarding Maxwell's credibility during the two-day interview, Blanche told CNN on September 17 it would be "impossible" for him to assess it, since "to determine whether a witness is credible takes weeks and weeks and weeks." He added: "It's really up to the American people to determine if they believe that her answers were credible".[104] George Conway remarked that "Todd Blanche's questioning of Ghislaine Maxwell was either (a) completely incompetent; or (b) intentionally crafted not to elicit facts incriminating Trump." Blanche responded: "When I interviewed Maxwell, law enforcement didn't have the materials Epstein's estate hid for years and only just provided to Congress."[105]
On July 25, when a CNN reporter asked Trump whether he planned to pardon Maxwell, he answered noncommittally: "I'm allowed to do it, but it's something I haven't thought about."[106] On August 1, the Bureau of Prisons confirmed that, following the interview, Maxwell was transferred[107][108] to Federal Prison Camp, Bryan in Bryan, Texas,[109] a minimum security facility with dormitory-style housing generally considered less unpleasant than other federal prisons.[110][111] In November, she was reportedly receiving special privileges and planning to apply for commutation of her sentence; the whistleblower was fired from the prison.[112][113] Annie Farmer, who has made accusations against Epstein and Maxwell, told CNN's Kaitlan Collins: "Even learning that the DOJ would be meeting with her [Maxwell] was extremely disturbing. ... with this prison transfer, I think it again feels like she is getting preferential treatment ... and it's really worrying to us about what might be coming next."[114] On August 23, Giuffre's family responded to the transcript of the Maxwell–Blanche interview, telling CBS that Maxwell's statements were "in direct contradiction" with her "conviction for child sex trafficking" and that Blanche had "never challenged [her] about her court-proven lies". The family said that the Justice Department had thereby communicated "that child sex trafficking is acceptable and will be rewarded."[115]
On September 4, 2025, political activist James O'Keefe, founder of the far-right group Project Veritas, posted a secret recording with DOJ acting Deputy Chief of Special Operations Joseph Schnitt. In the recording, Schnitt acknowledges the existence of the Epstein files, saying there are "thousands and thousands of pages of files" and that "they'll redact every Republican or conservative person in those files, leave all the liberal, Democratic people in those files". Schnitt stated that Maxwell's transfer to a minimum-security prison was "against [Federal Bureau of Prisons] policy because she's a convicted sex offender" and that "they're offering her something to keep her mouth shut". He also described Bondi as "a yes person" and that she "wants whatever Trump wants".[116][117] In response to the recording, Schnitt stated that he had no idea he was being recorded, and said he met the undercover O'Keefe reporter on Hinge. He said his comments were based on what he "learned in the media" and not from the DOJ.[116] In response, the DOJ asserted Schnitt's statements were false, saying that "Joseph Schnitt had no role in the Department's internal review of Epstein materials" and posted an iPhone screenshot of an email Schnitt sent to his superiors describing the recordings as happening over two dates in August 2025.[117]
As late as November 14, 2025, Trump continued to assert that the files were falsified documents created by political opponents, including the Biden administration, Barack Obama, and Hillary Clinton, referring to the matter as a "Democrat hoax."[118]
Congressional action
On November 18, 2025, the U.S. House of Representatives approved Epstein Files Transparency Act in a 427-1 vote. Representative Clay Higgins (R-LA) cast the only dissenting vote.[119] Later the same day, the Senate unanimously voted to pass the same version of the bill, sending it to Trump's desk.[119][120] The bill was formally transmitted from the Senate chamber to the president's desk on the morning of November 19, 2025.[121]
Victim advocacy and early pressure
Victims of Epstein and their advocates pressed Congress to compel disclosure of federal records. Virginia Giuffre's brothers, Sky Roberts and Danny Wilson, and Giuffre's sister-in-law, Amanda Roberts, told reporters in July 2025 that they wanted relevant documents to be released. Amanda Roberts added that Giuffre also said she wanted documents to be released, and that Virginia would have been in favor of "transparency and justice." Virginia Giuffre died by suicide earlier in the year.[122]
On September 3, 2025, survivors spoke publicly outside the U.S. Capitol, demanding that Attorney General Bondi release all the files.[123] Frustrated with decades of lack of accountability, some survivors announced plans to compile their own internal list of Epstein's associates if officials continued to withhold information.[124] A month later, accuser Annie Farmer told CNN that creating and releasing their own list was "not the most effective way of us moving forward as a group."[125]
In July, Democratic representatives Jamie Raskin and 15 colleagues sent a letter to Bondi accusing the Justice Department of withholding documents to protect Trump.[126] Representatives Ro Khanna and Marc Veasey introduced separate measures to force the House to vote on requiring release of all Epstein-related records held by the Justice Department.[127] Khanna's measure failed 211–210 along party lines.[128]
Oversight hearings and subpoenas
The House Oversight Committee subpoenaed Ghislaine Maxwell in July[129] and issued subpoenas for documents to Bill Clinton, former Justice Department officials, and the Justice Department itself in August.[130] The committee demanded that the Justice Department provide the Epstein files by August 19; on August 18, officials informed the committee they would begin providing records on August 22.[131]
Beginning in September, the committee released batches of documents it had received from the Justice Department and, in response to a subpoena, from the Epstein estate. These releases included portions of Epstein's contact records, correspondence, and photographs. FBI Director Kash Patel testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 16 and the House Judiciary Committee the following day.[132][133] Attorney General Pam Bondi testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on October 7 and the House Judiciary Committee on October 9.[134][135]
Discharge petition and party defections
In September 2025, Representative Thomas Massie (R-KY) and Ro Khanna (D-CA) pursued a discharge petition to force the House to vote on legislation requiring the Justice Department to release the files. Trump and Republican leaders launched a pressure campaign against the effort, with one anonymous official calling signing the petition a "very hostile act to the administration."[136]
Despite administration opposition, several Republicans broke with party leadership to sign the petition. Nancy Mace, Lauren Boebert, and Marjorie Taylor Greene joined Massie within days.[137][138] The remaining 214 signatures came from Democrats, with the final signatures provided by James Walkinshaw and Adelita Grijalva after they won special elections to Congress in late September.[139][140] As the petition neared completion, Trump summoned Representative Lauren Boebert to the White House; press secretary Karoline Leavitt confirmed the meeting had taken place.[141]
On October 8, Representative Eric Swalwell stated that "a lot of House Republicans" had privately told him they did not intend to keep defending Trump on the issue, with one saying "this Epstein bomb is about to drop."[142] Representative Khanna predicted that 40–50 Republicans might vote for release, and Massie similarly anticipated that Republican support could "snowball."[143] Upon receiving the final signature on November 12, House Speaker Mike Johnson announced the full House would vote the following week on releasing the Epstein files.[144] Trump's advisors privately informed him that he had lost the issue and that release of the files appeared inevitable.[145] On November 16, Trump publicly reversed his stance, writing on Truth Social that "House Republicans should vote to release the Epstein files."[146] Epstein's brother, Mark Epstein, stated on November 17 that "a pretty good source" had told him there was "a facility in Winchester, Virginia where they're scrubbing the files to take Republican names out," which he said explained the sudden shift in tone about the release.[147][148]
Passage of the Epstein Files Transparency Act
On November 18, 2025, the House voted 217–210 to approve a procedural rule that killed the discharge petition but guaranteed a vote on the Epstein Files Transparency Act.[119] Later that day, the House passed the act in a 427–1 vote; Representative Clay Higgins (R-LA) cast the only dissenting vote.[119][4] The Senate unanimously approved the bill the same day.[120][5]
The bill was formally transmitted to the president's desk on the morning of November 19.[121] Trump signed the act later that day without reporters present.[53][54][6] The act required the Justice Department to release Epstein-related files by December 19, 2025.
Chronology of releases and disclosures
Documents related to Epstein and his associates became public through a combination of court-ordered unsealings, congressional releases, Justice Department disclosures, journalistic investigation, and inadvertent leaks. Court documents from the Ghislaine Maxwell defamation case were unsealed in January 2024, though they contained little information not already publicly known.[40] In September 2025, Bloomberg News independently obtained 18,000 emails from Epstein's personal account.[149] Following passage of the Epstein Files Transparency Act in November 2025, the U.S. Department of Justice released files in stages: an initial batch on the act's December 19 deadline, which drew bipartisan criticism for extensive redactions and failure to meet the law's requirements,[150][151] followed by over 3 million pages on January 30, 2026.[7] Separately, the House Oversight Committee released tens of thousands of pages it obtained from the Justice Department and the Epstein estate beginning in September 2025. The Justice Department stated that its January 30 release brought it into full compliance with the act,[9] but lawmakers including Representative Ro Khanna disputed this, noting that the department had identified over 6 million pages as potentially responsive, yet released only half that amount.[8][152]
2024 Maxwell case unsealing
In December 2023, New York judge Loretta Preska ordered the unsealing of documents from the 2015 defamation case against Ghislaine Maxwell, with a January 1, 2024, deadline for appeals.[38][39] The court documents released in January 2024 contained little information not already publicly known.[40] Individuals mentioned included Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor, former presidents Bill Clinton and Donald Trump, former New Mexico governor Bill Richardson, lawyer Alan Dershowitz, singer Michael Jackson, and physicist Stephen Hawking; most were mentioned in passing and not accused of wrongdoing.[1][41]
Epstein emails obtained by Bloomberg (September 2025)
In September 2025, Bloomberg News independently obtained approximately 18,700 emails from one of Epstein's personal Yahoo accounts, spanning from 2002 through 2022.[149] The outlet used cryptographic verification, metadata analysis, and corroboration with external sources to authenticate the cache; four independent experts reviewed the methodology and found no meaningful evidence of fabrication.[149] The account was most active from October 2005 through August 2008, with significant gaps after Epstein's incarceration.[153]
The emails documented Epstein's relationships with academics at Harvard University and other institutions. Correspondence showed researchers, including psychologist Stephen Kosslyn and geneticist George Church, proposing Epstein-funded projects such as a "pleasure genome initiative" exploring neural correlates of pleasure and a genetics-and-brain laboratory to study "far-out ideas such as life extension."[153] Developmental psychologist Howard Gardner told Bloomberg he had "never had the slightest knowledge or even intimation of the darker sides" and wished he "had asked more questions."[153]
The cache also revealed aspects of Epstein's legal defense strategy during his 2006 indictment. Notes taken by a research assistant to Alan Dershowitz recorded Dershowitz characterizing accusers as "self-described prostitutes" who "don't feel harmed" during a February 2006 meeting with prosecutors.[153] Dershowitz told Bloomberg the memos were "privileged lawyer client communications" and that he "was acting as any responsible lawyer should: making the case for my client."[153]
The emails contained draft public apology letters prepared for Epstein by crisis strategist Merrie Spaeth, a former Reagan administration media relations director, in February 2008. Spaeth coached Epstein on communication techniques, including how to answer questions "without being trapped by the parameters" and provided lists of "Good Words" and "Bad Words" for interviews.[153] Though Epstein expressed interest in one draft referencing philosopher William James and describing introspection during an "hour of terror," he never issued a broad public apology.[153] Spaeth told Bloomberg she "ultimately terminated the engagement because of my discomfort with it."[153]
House Oversight Committee releases (September–December 2025)
Beginning in September 2025, the House Oversight Committee released batches of documents it had received from the Justice Department and, in response to a subpoena, from the Epstein estate.[154]
On September 2, the committee released 33,295 pages of Epstein files, though most of the information was already publicly known or available.[154] The Epstein estate began sending files to the committee on September 8, including a bound album of birthday greetings Epstein received for his 50th birthday.[155] On September 26, committee Democrats released six pages showing that Epstein had meetings with financier Peter Thiel, Elon Musk, and Steve Bannon.[156]
On October 17, the committee released 8,500 pages from the Epstein estate. These showed that Matthew Menchel, the chief criminal prosecutor at the Miami U.S. Attorney's office who was behind Epstein's 2007 plea deal, had apparently personal meetings with Epstein in 2011, 2013, and 2017.[157]
On November 12, committee Democrats released three Epstein emails pertaining to Trump, including a 2011 exchange with Maxwell in which Epstein referred to Trump as "the dog that hasn't barked" because Trump had "spent hours at my house" with a victim.[158][159] Hours later, committee Republicans released 20,000 additional pages from Epstein's estate; Trump was mentioned over a thousand times, though none of Epstein's emails were sent directly to Trump or his staff.[160][161] On November 14, Zeteo published a searchable version of the 26,039 documents.[162]
In December, the committee released images from Epstein's estate. On December 3, it released photos and videos from Epstein's private island, including one showing first names written on a telephone's speed dial.[163] On December 12, it released photos of people including Trump, Bill Clinton, Steve Bannon, Bill Gates, and Richard Branson.[164] On December 18, it released additional photos including Noam Chomsky and Bill Gates.[165]
DOJ releases under the Epstein Files Transparency Act
December 2025 release
The Justice Department released an initial batch of heavily redacted files on December 19, 2025, the deadline set by the Epstein Files Transparency Act.[150] The release drew bipartisan criticism for failing to meet the law's requirements, with over 500 pages entirely blacked out.[151][166] Less than a day after the release, sixteen files disappeared from the public webpage without explanation.[167]
Faulty redaction techniques in the digital files allowed members of the public to recover blacked-out content, revealing information officials had intended to withhold, including details about the trafficking ring's members and methods.[168][169] By early January 2026, less than one percent of the files had been publicly released, according to a DOJ letter to U.S. District Judge Paul A. Engelmayer.[170]
January 2026 release
On January 30, 2026, the Justice Department released over 3 million pages of documents, 180,000 images, and 2,000 videos related to Epstein.[7][171] Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche stated that the release brought the department into compliance with the Epstein Files Transparency Act and would be the final major release.[9][172] Federal prosecutors had initially identified six million pages as potentially responsive to the disclosure law, but the DOJ released only half that amount, stating officials had erred on the side of "over-collection."[172] Representative Ro Khanna and other Democratic lawmakers disputed the compliance claim and accused the department of violating the law by withholding "the FBI 302 victim interview statements, a draft indictment and prosecution memorandum prepared during the 2007 Florida investigation, and hundreds of thousands of emails and files from Epstein’s computers."[8][152]
Blanche stated the White House "had nothing to do" with vetting the documents and that names of powerful men associated with Epstein were not redacted.[172][173] The DOJ noted that the release may contain "fake or falsely submitted" material, and in its accompanying statement described certain claims against President Trump as "unfounded and false."[7] The department withheld approximately 200,000 pages under various legal privileges, as well as material depicting child sexual abuse or identifying victims.[173][172]
Contents
The documents included a draft 2007 federal indictment against Epstein and three of his assistants, which was never pursued.[174] According to the newly released records, the FBI began investigating Epstein in July 2006, and agents expected him to be indicted in May 2007 after multiple underage girls told police and the FBI that they had been paid to give Epstein sexualized massages.[174] Ultimately, U.S. Attorney Alexander Acosta signed off on a deal that allowed Epstein to avoid federal prosecution; Epstein instead pleaded guilty to a state charge of soliciting prostitution from someone under age 18 and received an 18-month jail sentence.[174]
The files also contained FBI interview notes with an employee at Epstein's Florida estate who described duties such as fanning $100 bills on a table near Epstein's bed, disposing of used condoms, and placing a gun between Epstein's mattresses.[174] The employee also told the FBI in 2007 that Epstein once had him buy flowers and deliver them to a student at Royal Palm Beach High School to commemorate her performance in a school play.[174]
One document detailed a diagram of Epstein's inner circle, including Maxwell, his lawyer Darren Indyke, and his accountant Richard Kahn.[172] The undated diagram also showed Jean-Luc Brunel, a French model agent with longtime ties to Epstein who faced rape charges in France before dying by suicide in a French jail in 2022.[175] The document listed other close associates including Epstein's personal chef, pilots, and Peter Listerman, a model scout described in the file as a "subject/witness" and model "matchmaker."[175] It also listed Les Wexner, the billionaire business magnate who employed Epstein as a money manager and has said he severed ties with Epstein in 2007.[175] While the diagram indicated that the DOJ had been investigating people close to Epstein for potential involvement, other individuals identified were known Epstein employees, none of whom were charged.[175] The Justice Department redacted the names and photographs of five other individuals on the diagram, including Maxwell's assistant and four Epstein employees, one of whom was listed as a "girlfriend/employee."[175] Victims and advocates criticized the Justice Department for what they characterized as heavy but inconsistent redactions of names and details throughout the released documents.[175]
The release also detailed Epstein's associations with numerous prominent individuals.[171][176][177][172][174] The documents further illustrated how Epstein's relationships with powerful figures persisted even after he became a convicted sex offender in 2008, contradicting or undermining years of public denials from some associates.[178][179]
Manipulation of Epstein's article on Wikipedia
The files contain a late 2010 email by Al Seckel to Epstein in which he mentions Epstein's mug shot on Wikipedia, and that he was trying to replace it with a friendly picture of Epstein, in addition to removing the term "sex offender" from Epstein's article on Wikipedia at a time when Epstein was trying to rebuild his public image after being released from jail in July 2009.[180]
Seckel also said in the email that he found the IP addresses of people undoing his edits in the article, and used them to get Wikipedia to ban the users, eventually clearing descriptions of criminal activities by Epstein off the article.[180]
Epstein's death
The released files included emails between investigators regarding Epstein's death, including an investigator's observation that his final communication did not appear to be a suicide note.[181] Multiple investigations have determined that Epstein's death was a suicide.[181] The records also detailed a tactic that jail staffers used to evade media gathered outside the Metropolitan Correctional Center when Epstein's body was removed: staff used boxes and sheets to create what appeared to be a body and loaded it into a white van labeled as belonging to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.[181] Reporters followed the van when it departed the jail, not knowing that Epstein's actual body had been loaded into a black vehicle, which left "unnoticed," according to the interview notes.[181]
Prominent individuals mentioned
| Name | Information |
|---|---|
| Woody Allen | The filmmaker and his wife Soon-Yi Previn were regular guests at Epstein's Upper East Side townhouse for several years beginning in 2010, two years after Epstein's sentencing.[182] In a letter to Epstein on his 63rd birthday, Allen wrote "Always accept. Always interesting" regarding the dinners.[182] Photographs released by House Oversight Committee Democrats in December 2025 showed Allen and Epstein together in various settings, including at a table after a meal, on a film set, and on a private plane alongside Larry Summers.[182] In a September 2025 interview with The Sunday Times, Allen called Epstein "charming and personable" and "a substantial character," describing dinners attended by "college professors, scientists, Nobel laureates."[182] Allen said Epstein told him he had been "falsely put in jail" and "extorted," and was "trying to make up for it now by being philanthropic."[182] A representative for Allen did not respond to a request for comment about the photographs.[182] |
| Anil Ambani | Documents showed communications between the Indian businessman and Epstein from 2017 to 2019.[183] Ambani was introduced to Epstein by Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem in February 2017; in an early exchange, Ambani wrote that he would "need ur guidance on dealing wth white house for india relationship ad defense cooperation."[183] In March 2017, Ambani messaged Epstein that "Leadership wld like ur help for me to meet jared and bannon asap," referring to Jared Kushner and Steve Bannon, and sought assistance with a planned visit to Washington by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[183] On May 23, 2019—the day Modi secured re-election—Ambani visited Epstein's Manhattan townhouse; that evening, Epstein messaged Bannon reporting a "really interesting modi meeting" and that Modi's representative said "no one in wash speaks to him."[183] The Wire stated it was unable to confirm whether Modi sent a representative or whether that person was Ambani.[183] In India's Ministry of External Affairs called references to Modi in the documents "trashy ruminations by a convicted criminal, which deserve to be dismissed with the utmost contempt."[184] Ambani did not respond to requests for comment.[183][184] |
| Peter Attia | The longevity influencer appeared in the files over 1,700 times. Emails showed Attia joking with Epstein and expressing that the "worst" part of their friendship was that "the life you lead is so outrageous, and yet I can't tell a soul."[185] |
| José María Aznar | Then Prime Minister of Spain and his wife Ana Botella appear as recipients of two parcels, the first in 2003 and the second in 2004 when he was no longer in office.[186] |
| Joscha Bach | The Media Lab used money provided by Epstein to support the work of Bach, an A.I. researcher, according to a 2020 M.I.T. review.[187] Bach wrote long and often technical emails to Epstein; in 2016, he wrote to Epstein that "black kids in the US have slower cognitive development" and that women "tend to find abstract systems, conflicts and mechanisms intrinsically boring."[187] Bach stated that he continued to associate with Epstein after his conviction because highly respected academics recommended him as a funding source and "assured me he was reformed," adding that researchers "far more senior and famous than me were accepting such funds."[187] He said his current view is "that race is not causal for differences in development, and race is not a determinant of IQ in children or adults."[187] |
| Steve Bannon | The documents included thousands of text messages between the conservative political strategist and Epstein, particularly from 2018 and 2019.[188] The messages showed the two discussing efforts to influence international geopolitics, including shaping European coalitions, increasing pressure on China, and forging business ties in the Middle East.[188] Epstein offered Bannon the use of a Paris apartment, a Palm Beach house, and his plane on multiple occasions; the two dined together frequently.[188] Bannon provided media training to Epstein as part of work on a documentary and coached him as he faced increasing media scrutiny in early 2019.[188] Bannon did not immediately respond to requests for comment.[188] In March 2019, Bannon asked Epstein if he could supply his plane to pick him up in Rome.[189] A couple of months later, Epstein messaged Bannon: "Now you can understand why trump wakes up in the middle of the night sweating when he hears you and I are friends."[189] The context of the message is unclear from the documents, which were released with many redactions and little clear organization.[189] Another 2018 exchange focused on Trump's threats at the time to oust Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell, whom he had named to the post just the year prior.[189] |
| Ehud Barak | A September 2013 email showed the former Israeli prime minister and defense minister informing Epstein that Larry Summers had withdrawn from consideration to chair the Federal Reserve, writing "A major blow to a friend. … Now he'll probably be free in the next few days."[190] Later that day, Epstein emailed Barak to schedule meetings for him with billionaire banker Ariane de Rothschild and an individual referred to as the "kissinger china guy."[190] A representative for Barak did not respond to a request for comment.[190] In a recording of Barak and Epstein released by the DOJ, Epstein encouraged Barak to "look at" working with Peter Thiel's company Palantir.[191] Previously leaked emails from Barak's account show Epstein leveraged his relationship with Barak to approach powerful figures like Thiel, a former director of Israeli signals intelligence, and two people in Vladimir Putin's circle (former Russian Deputy Minister of Economic Development Sergey Belyakov and Viktor Vekselberg).[192] This leak also contained an email where Barak complimented Epstein on his "Great, impressive island."[193] In another email released by the DOJ, Epstein told Barak he was attempting to meet with Putin to discuss investment opportunities.[194] |
| Tom Barrack | In a March 2016 email exchange, Epstein told the real estate investor and Trump fundraiser that he had received calls from reporters asking about Trump but had refrained from commenting.[190] Barrack responded, "Hope ur good. Let's catch up"; Epstein replied, "send photos of you and child. — makes me smile."[190] Embassy representatives for Barrack, who serves as U.S. ambassador to Turkey, did not respond to a request for comment.[190] |
| Leon Black | Epstein sometimes referred to the private equity billionaire as "Mr. Big" in emails.[178] Epstein sought to gather information about one of Black's former girlfriends and discussed putting her under surveillance; while Black was not copied on those emails, his lawyer was on some of them.[178] Black, who paid Epstein a total of $170 million for what he characterized as tax and estate planning advice, told investors after Epstein's death that he was "completely unaware" of Epstein's misconduct.[178] The documents included a list of payments from Black to a former model connected to Epstein, labeled as "gifts," totaling more than $600,000.[178] A spokesman for Black declined to comment.[178] |
| Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem | Bin Sulayem, the CEO of DP World, had Epstein ask Peter Mandelson to join the board of one of his companies in 2014. In February 2017, he introduced Indian businessman Anil Ambani to Epstein.[183] Other exchanges between the two show Bin Sulayem facilitating the transfer of Epstein's masseuse to a spa in Turkey for training, Bin Sulayem sending Epstein a link to pornography, and Epstein advising Bin Sulayem on whether to attend Trump's first inauguration.[195] |
| Todd Boehly | Emails from 2011 showed Epstein arranged two meetings with the businessman, who is now chairman of Chelsea F.C. and part-owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Lakers.[196] At the time, Boehly was a managing partner at Guggenheim Partners.[196] The first meeting took place in January 2011; a second was scheduled for September 2011 as a conference call, arranged in part to discuss British politician Peter Mandelson.[196] A spokesperson for Boehly declined to comment.[196] The emails did not suggest Boehly's engagements with Epstein extended beyond business.[196] |
| Leon Botstein | The longtime president of Bard College met with Epstein numerous times after his 2008 conviction, soliciting donations to the school.[197] Epstein gave Bard $75,000 in unsolicited donations in 2011.[197] Botstein invited Epstein to an opera at Bard in 2013 and a concert at the college in 2016; Epstein planned each time to bring young female assistants and arrive by helicopter.[198] Botstein stated that the school had security ready due to Epstein's criminal record.[198] In 2016, Botstein received checks from an Epstein-linked account totaling approximately $150,000, which he said he donated to Bard that year; a college spokesman confirmed the donation.[197] Botstein stated that Epstein designated the payments as fees. A spokesman for Botstein said the funds were payment for a one-year term on the board of Gratitude America, an Epstein-created foundation.[197] "I have no idea why he concocted this scheme," Botstein said. "He didn't want to write a check to Bard."[197] |
| Richard Branson | A 2013 email exchange between Branson and Epstein suggested a familiar relationship built at least in part around their interest in women.[199] The Virgin Group founder wrote to Epstein, "Any time you're in the area would love to see you. As long as you bring your harem!" A representative for Branson stated the email was sent after a group business meeting where Epstein had arrived with three adult women whom he called his "harem".[176] |
| Sergey Brin | The documents indicated the Google co-founder visited Epstein's private island and corresponded with Ghislaine Maxwell about attending dinners at Epstein's home.[176] |
| William Burns | Scheduling documents showed the CIA Director had three meetings scheduled with Epstein in 2014, when Burns was deputy secretary of state.[198] They first met in Washington at the office of law firm Steptoe & Johnson, and Burns subsequently visited Epstein's Manhattan townhouse.[198] A CIA spokeswoman stated that Burns was introduced to Epstein as "an expert in the financial services sector" who "offered general advice on transition to the private sector" as Burns was preparing to leave government service, adding that "they had no relationship."[198] |
| Noam Chomsky | An undated letter of support attributed to the linguist and philosopher called Epstein a "highly valued friend" and described their "regular contact" as "a most valuable experience."[200] The letter, which cited Chomsky's position as a University of Arizona laureate professor—a role he began in 2017—praised Epstein for teaching him "about the intricacies of the global financial system" and recounted how Epstein had arranged for Chomsky to meet with former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak.[200][201] In a 2015 email, Epstein offered Chomsky use of his residences in New York and New Mexico.[202] An undated photograph released by House Oversight Committee Democrats showed Chomsky seated next to Epstein on a plane.[203] In January 2017, Chomsky's wife Valeria emailed Epstein to apologize for missing his birthday, writing: "Noam and I hope to see you again soon and have a toast for your birthday."[200] In March 2018, approximately $270,000 was transferred from an Epstein-linked account to Chomsky; Chomsky stated that the transfer involved "rearrangement of my own funds" related to the disbursement of common funds from his first marriage and "did not involve one penny from Epstein."[197] Chomsky told The Wall Street Journal that he met occasionally with Epstein to discuss political and academic topics.[197] |
| Deepak Chopra | In a July 2016 exchange, the author asked Epstein if he knew Trump's ex-wife Marla Maples; Epstein replied that he had lost a $10,000 bet with Trump when Maples became pregnant.[190] In November 2016, Epstein sent Chopra a news story claiming that a woman had fabricated allegations of assault by Trump and Epstein; when Epstein confirmed the civil charges against him had been dropped, Chopra responded "Good."[190] Chopra stated that he hoped "all of the truth comes out after ongoing and proper investigations" and was "happy to share whatever I know with authorized officials."[190] |
| George Church | According to his online personal calendar, the Harvard geneticist met with Epstein multiple times in 2014, including an April meeting at Harvard Medical School's Genetics Department building and a June lunch; the calendar also listed a November 2014 dinner at Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics with Epstein, Joi Ito, Reid Hoffman, and Martin Nowak.[204] In 2019, months before Epstein's death, Ito and Epstein strategized over email about how to fund work at M.I.T. after the university rejected a $25,000 donation from a foundation linked to Epstein; Ito wrote that "We were able to keep the Leon Black money" but that "the $25K from your foundation is getting bounced by MIT," to which Epstein replied that this was "no problem" and that he was "trying to get more black for you."[187] In a 2017 exchange, Epstein remarked that "with all these guys getting busted for harassment, i have moved slightly up on the reputation ladder," to which Ito replied, "#metoo is quite amazing…"[187] Church has apologized for his relationship with Epstein, attributing his failure to sever ties to "nerd tunnel vision".[205] |
| Bill Clinton | The documents included frequent communications between Maxwell and Clinton staffers between 2001 and 2004, a period during which the former president traveled on Epstein's plane at least 16 times.[206] Much of the correspondence pertained to travel and dining logistics; in one April 2003 email, Maxwell asked a Clinton staffer if the former president would like to attend a dinner.[206] Some emails between Maxwell and Clinton office addresses were flirtatious or lewd in nature; in one message, Maxwell said that the recipient was "hung like a horse," and referenced "Belzburg stuff," an apparent allusion to tabloid stories from 2002 about Clinton's association with New York socialite Lisa Belzberg.[206][207] A Clinton spokesman stated that the former president did not send any of the emails and had "never emailed" outside of two occasions during his presidency.[206] The spokesman has said Clinton cut ties with Epstein before his 2006 charges, did not know about his crimes, and denied ever visiting Epstein's island.[206] |
| David Copperfield | Phone message pads seized by police from Epstein's Florida mansion in 2005 showed the illusionist left messages for Epstein 16 times over several months in 2004 and 2005, with notations including "it's important," "just called to say hello," and "it's jackpot."[208] Epstein's housekeeper Alfredo Rodriguez testified in a 2009 deposition that Copperfield was at the house "maybe two or three times" and "came to the house, played tricks" before leaving.[208] Under questioning in a 2016 deposition, Epstein acknowledged he socialized with Copperfield; when asked whether he and Copperfield "have been together in the presence of minor girls under the age of 18" and whether he "ever provided girls under the age 18 to David Copperfield for sexual purposes," Epstein invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.[209] Johanna Sjoberg, who later accused Epstein of abuse, testified in a deposition that she attended a 2004 dinner at Epstein's home where Copperfield performed magic tricks; she said Copperfield asked her if she was aware "that girls were getting paid to find other girls."[208] Copperfield's lawyers stated he had heard a rumor about this and asked Sjoberg "out of surprise (and concern for her)," but dropped the matter when she did not express concern.[208] Undated photographs released in December 2025 showed Copperfield and Maxwell posing together in bathrobes.[209] A partially redacted October 2007 email in the files described Copperfield as "Epstein's favorite cohort" and stated that tickets with "backstage passes" were a frequent gift Epstein gave to girls.[209] Copperfield's lawyers denied he was friends with Epstein, stating they were "at most, acquaintances" and that he "was completely unaware of Epstein's horrific crimes."[208] |
| Bill Gates | The release contained draft emails written by Epstein in 2013, addressed from his account to his own account, which made lurid allegations about Gates; it was not clear whether Epstein ever sent the emails to Gates.[199] A representative for Gates called the claims "absolutely absurd and completely false" and stated they demonstrated Epstein's "frustration that he did not have an ongoing relationship with Gates."[210] |
| Andrew Farkas | The New York real estate developer co-owned a marina with Epstein in St. Thomas for years.[178] Documents showed the two men exchanged crude emails about women in 2010, after Epstein's first arrest and conviction.[178] In a 2018 note, Farkas told Epstein he loved him and considered him one of his best friends, signing off "xoxo."[178] Farkas stayed on Epstein's island, and photographs released by Congress in late 2025 showed Epstein with his hand on Farkas's shoulder as they walked together in a tropical setting.[178] Farkas had previously characterized the relationship as purely business-related; a spokeswoman told The New York Times in December 2025 that Farkas "regrets their association."[178] |
| Sarah Ferguson | Then known as Sarah, Duchess of York, the former wife of Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor, thanked Epstein for being the "brother" she "always wished for" in an email sent in August 2009, a year after his conviction.[179] In the exchange, Ferguson appeared to suggest she and her daughters, Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie, had met with Epstein, writing: "I have never been more touched by a friends kindness than your compliment to me in front of my girls."[179] Epstein was under house arrest when the email was sent, but Ferguson implied the pair had lunch the previous week; it has not been confirmed if she visited him while he was confined to his home.[179] The emails also showed Ferguson discussing conversations she had with retailers regarding a "Sarah Ferguson brand."[179] Epstein gave Ferguson at least £15,000 (~ $23367) to help pay off debts, though some reports have suggested he bankrolled her to a greater extent.[179] In 2011, Ferguson said her relationship with Epstein had been a "gigantic error of judgment," but later emailed him privately to apologize.[179] |
| Josh Harris | Harris, the co-founder of Apollo Global Management and Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment, had ongoing correspondence with Epstein between 2013 and 2016. Emails also show that Harris met with Epstein, Bill Gates, and Ron Baron at Epstein's New York home in 2014. A spokesperson for Harris said that Harris "never had an independent relationship with Jeffrey Epstein."[211] |
| Stephen Hawking | The renowned theoretical physicist, was named in court documents released as part of a lawsuit involving Ghislaine Maxwell, a close associate of Jeffrey Epstein. These documents were unsealed following a New York judge's order, revealing over 70 names, including Hawking's,[212] but without any evidence or allegations of misconduct linked to him. The documents included references to claims made by Virginia Giuffre, an alleged victim of Epstein, regarding Hawking's involvement in an "underage orgy." He has never been charged with any sexual misconduct. In a 2015 email, Epstein suggested offering a reward to anyone who could disprove the allegations involving Hawking.[213] This email referenced a claim that Hawking had participated in an orgy on Epstein's private island. Hawking did visit Epstein's island in 2006 as part of a science conference. |
| Reid Hoffman | Epstein's scheduling records showed the LinkedIn co-founder visited Epstein's island in November 2014; a calendar entry listed a reminder of Hoffman's arrival in Fort Lauderdale followed by a flight to "LSJ," an apparent reference to Epstein's private island.[214] Hoffman told The Wall Street Journal he visited the island once for an MIT fundraising trip and that his last interaction with Epstein was in 2015.[214] The documents also contained email exchanges from 2015 and 2017, as well as scheduling records showing multiple Skype calls between the two in 2013 and 2014.[214] In 2019, Hoffman stated his interactions with Epstein came at the request of then-MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito for fundraising purposes; he said he regretted participating in any activity where Epstein was present.[214] No victim of Epstein has made any public allegation of wrongdoing by Hoffman.[214] In an interview in 2025, Ghislaine Maxwell stated she had never seen Hoffman with Epstein on a flight or "getting massages."[214] |
| Joi Ito | The former director of the MIT Media Lab received $1.7 million from Epstein, including $1.2 million for his own outside investment funds.[215] Internal emails showed Ito and other Media Lab officials took measures to conceal the lab's relationship with Epstein; in one 2014 email, Ito asked development staff to record a $100,000 donation from Epstein as "anonymous."[215] He twice traveled to Epstein's island in the Caribbean to seek donations.[215] A separate October 2014 email showed Ito writing that a $2 million gift from Bill Gates had been "directed by Jeffrey Epstein"; a spokesman for Gates denied that Epstein directed any grant making for Gates and called the characterization "completely false."[215] Ito resigned from MIT in September 2019, as well as from the boards of the MacArthur Foundation, the Knight Foundation, and The New York Times Company.[215] |
| Michael Jackson | Undated photographs released in December 2025 showed the singer posing with Epstein, including one in front of a painting of a nude woman.[216][217] Another photograph showed Jackson with Bill Clinton and Diana Ross.[217] It is unclear when or where the photos were taken or why they were in Epstein's possession; there is no suggestion Jackson was aware of, or involved in, any of Epstein's crimes.[218] |
| Thorbjørn Jagland | In a 2014 email to Epstein, former prime minister of Norway Thorbjørn Jagland had planned a family trip to Little Saint James island. The trip was eventually cancelled because of the annexation of Crimea by Russia, which caused Jagland, who was the secretary-general of the European Council at the time, to stay in Europe. Jagland was also the head of the Nobel Committee when he exchanged emails with Epstein.[219] Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre said Jagland had exercised "poor judgement."[220] |
| Brad S. Karp | Documents showed the chair of law firm Paul Weiss attended dinner gatherings at Epstein's Upper East Side residence.[221] In a July 2015 email, Karp wrote to Epstein: "I can't thank you enough for including me in an evening I'll never forget. It was truly 'once in a lifetime' in every way, though I hope to be invited again."[221] When Epstein replied that "there are many many nights of unique talents. you will be invited often," Karp responded: "You're amazing."[222] In a separate July 2015 exchange, Epstein asked Karp about revoking a woman's visa; Karp responded, "Both good ideas; will work on this."[221] A July 2016 email showed Karp asking Epstein for help getting his son a job on a Woody Allen film production.[221] In February 2019, Karp corresponded with Epstein about finding legal representation for Robert Kraft and former Citigroup president John Havens, both of whom had been ensnared in a Florida prostitution crackdown; charges against both men were later dropped.[222] In April 2019, Epstein texted Steve Bannon about getting Karp admitted to the Augusta National Golf Club; there is no indication Karp was aware of this effort.[222] Paul Weiss stated that the firm represented Leon Black in fee disputes with Epstein and was "adverse to Epstein," adding that "at no point did Paul Weiss or Brad Karp ever represent him."[221] |
| Lawrence Krauss | When reporters at BuzzFeed News were preparing an article about sexual misconduct allegations against the physicist in late 2017, Krauss reached out to Epstein for advice on how to respond.[187] Epstein recommended that Krauss write a cover letter stating that the accusations were "false" and had been "either investigated and found lacking or ignored."[187] In 2018, Epstein forwarded Krauss a list of attendees for the Women in the World Summit; Krauss responded, "Let's do a men of the world conference," listing men accused of misconduct including Kevin Spacey, Bill Clinton, Al Franken, and Woody Allen.[187] Krauss announced his retirement from Arizona State University in 2018.[187] He stated that he had never hidden his association with Epstein and had "sought out advice from essentially everyone I knew" when he was accused, adding that none of his communications with Epstein "relate in any way to the horrendous crimes he was accused of in 2019."[187] |
| Miroslav Lajčák | A Slovak diplomat and politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic and President of the United Nations General Assembly. In late 2025 and early 2026, the "Epstein files" revealed extensive email correspondence between Lajčák and Epstein occurring between 2017 and 2019. According to the records, Lajčák allegedly asked Epstein to introduce him to "young girls" and boasted that Epstein had not yet seen him "in action". The files reportedly show that Epstein responded by offering him "young sisters" and Lajčák explicitly requested invitations to participate in Epstein's private "games". Lajčák's name appears more than 300 times throughout the documentation.[223][224] A publicized photograph confirmed their personal connection, showing the two men together at the Slovak diplomatic residence in Vienna during Lajčák's tenure as minister.[225] The released documents also state that Lajčák offered to present Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico as a suitable political figure for the agendas of the American far-right and strategist Steve Bannon. Additionally, Lajčák explicitly characterized Fico as the "right figure" for the strategic goals discussed with Epstein. Epstein wanted to establish a network of far-right political groups with Bannon in Europe and Lajčák said Fico could "play Steve’s game".[226] |
| Howard Lutnick | Email correspondence showed that the Commerce Secretary coordinated a visit to Epstein's Caribbean compound in December 2012, though he had previously said he severed ties with Epstein around 2005.[188][199] Lutnick previously said that in 2005 he and his wife were invited to Epstein's house, which was next door to theirs, for coffee, and that he did not associate with Epstein after that visit.[227] A longtime Epstein aide reached out to Lutnick in November 2012 to arrange a meeting while Lutnick was in St. Thomas; Lutnick, accompanied by his wife Allison and their four children, agreed to a lunch on December 23 on Epstein's private island.[188] Emails showed Lutnick and his wife coordinating logistics, including where to dock their yacht at Little St. James.[188] The day after the scheduled meeting, an Epstein aide passed along a message reading, "Nice to see you."[188] A schedule also showed the two had drinks together on another occasion in 2011, and in 2017 they exchanged emails about the construction of a building across the street from both of their homes.[189] When asked about the emails, Lutnick told The New York Times "I spent zero time with him" and hung up.[188] A Commerce Department spokesman said Lutnick had "limited interactions" with Epstein "in the presence of his wife" and has never been accused of wrongdoing.[188][228] |
| Peter Mandelson | Bank statements released by the DOJ showed three separate $25,000 payments referencing Mandelson sent from Epstein's JP Morgan accounts between 2003 and 2004, totaling $75,000; it is unclear whether the payments reached the named accounts.[229] Mandelson stated he had no record or recollection of receiving the sums and did not know whether the documents were authentic.[229] Separately, documents showed Epstein sent £10,000 (~ $15578) to Mandelson's husband, Reinaldo Avila da Silva, in 2009; emails suggested the funds were intended for an osteopathy course.[179] In another set of emails, Mandelson asked to stay at one of Epstein's properties while Epstein was serving his jail term; the terms of Epstein's sentence allowed him to work from his office during the day and return to jail each night.[179] An October 2009 email showed Epstein suggesting Mandelson could marry Princess Beatrice in order to renounce his peerage and run for prime minister; Mandelson replied, "Remember, I am already her Lord President."[229] The document release also included a redacted image of Mandelson in his underwear standing next to an unidentified woman; Mandelson said he could not place the location, the woman, or the circumstances.[229] Mandelson was dismissed as the UK's ambassador to the United States in September 2025 after it emerged he had sent supportive messages to Epstein following his conviction.[179] In response to the document release, Mandelson stated he had been "wrong" to continue his association with Epstein but said he was "never culpable or complicit" in Epstein's crimes, and apologised "unequivocally to the women and girls who suffered."[179][229] A 2009 email from Mandelson appeared to suggest that JPMorgan Chase boss Jamie Dimon should "mildly threaten" then-Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling over a bankers' bonus tax.[230] On 13 June 2009, Mandelson allegedly leaked to Epstein a high-level Downing Street document that proposed £20bn of asset sales and revealed Labour's tax policy plans. The memo was written on 13 June 2009 by Nick Butler, who was a special adviser to then British prime minister Gordon Brown from 2009 to 2010.[231] On 31 March 2010, Mandelson allegedly forwarded confidential minutes of a meeting between the Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling and Director of the National Economic Council Larry Summers five minutes after he received them, which discussed new banking regulation and taxation that Summers wanted to see, in addition to discussion on how the US should engage with France and Germany.[232] The following day, on 1 April 2010, Mandelson met with Larry Summers, and forwarded the minutes of his meeting two minutes after he received them.[232] On 9 May 2010, Mandelson gave Epstein advance notice of a €500bn bailout from the EU to save the Euro.[231][230] On 10 May 2010, Mandelson emailed Epstein saying "finally got him to go today", with Gordon Brown resigning the following day.[233][234] In another email on 10 May 2010, Mandelson appeared to reveal to Epstein the existance of a secret underground tunnel between 10 Downing Street and the Ministry of Defence.[234] |
| Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway | She was mentioned over a thousand times in the Epstein files, with communications spanning 2011 to 2014.[235][236][237][220] Documents showed she spent four days at Epstein's house in Palm Beach in January 2013; one message implied she was aware of his 2008 jail term.[220] In one email from her account, Epstein was asked whether a mother should suggest naked women carrying a surfboard for her son's wallpaper.[220] In response to the release, she stated: "I showed poor judgement and regret having any contact with Epstein at all. It is simply embarrassing."[220] She expressed "deep sympathy and solidarity with the victims of the abuses committed by Jeffrey Epstein."[220] Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre said he agreed with Mette-Marit's admission of poor judgement.[220] |
| George J. Mitchell | A 2003 handwritten letter in Epstein's "birthday book" showed the former U.S. Senate majority leader describing his friendship with Epstein as "a blessing."[238] Documents released in January 2026 showed a continued relationship between Mitchell and Epstein following Epstein's 2008 conviction, including emails and scheduled appointments; a November 2013 email listed "10:30am Appt w/Senator George Mitchell."[239] The files also contained references to an allegation by Virginia Giuffre, first made in a May 2016 deposition, that Ghislaine Maxwell had directed her to have sex with Mitchell.[240][239] A spokesperson for Mitchell stated that he never met, spoke to, or had any contact with Giuffre or any underage women, and that the allegation was based on mistaken identity.[239] The spokesperson said Mitchell learned of Epstein's criminal activity only through media reports linked to Epstein's prosecution in Florida and declined further invitations from Epstein's office.[239] Following the document release, the US-Ireland Alliance announced it would remove Mitchell's name from the George J. Mitchell Scholarship Program.[239] |
| Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor | In a 2010 email exchange, Epstein offered to introduce the former Prince Andrew to a 26-year-old Russian woman, to which he replied he would be "delighted" to meet her.[241] The same exchange showed the former royal inviting Epstein to have dinner at Buckingham Palace and to "come with whomever"; it is unclear whether such a visit occurred.[227] Epstein and Mountbatten-Windsor were pictured walking together in New York's Central Park three months later; Mountbatten-Windsor had previously claimed he travelled to the United States to end his friendship with Epstein in person in light of his conviction.[179] The former royal was also photographed with a woman lying on the ground in three undated photos.[227] The BBC noted the emails did not indicate any wrongdoing.[210] Epstein victim Virginia Giuffre, who died in 2024, accused the former royal of sexual abuse; he denied the allegations and settled Giuffre's lawsuit in 2022 for an undisclosed amount.[227] |
| Elon Musk | Emails from 2012 to 2014 showed Epstein making repeated overtures to meet with Musk, with the latter citing schedule conflicts and logistical complications; the communications did not reflect any actual in-person meetings between the two.[188] One email exchange from mid-December 2013 to early 2014 showed Epstein and Musk coordinating a possible holiday visit to Epstein's compound in the U.S. Virgin Islands.[227] In late 2012, Musk asked Epstein about attending "the wildest party" on his island and wrote in December that he wanted to "hit the party scene in St Barts or elsewhere and let loose"; when Epstein replied that "the ratio on my island might make Talulah uncomfortable," referring to Musk's then-wife Talulah Riley, Musk responded that "ratio is not a problem for Talulah."[188] Musk also suggested in February 2013 that Epstein meet him at the SpaceX rocket factory near Long Beach, California.[188] Following the document release, Musk posted on X that "what matters is not release of some subset of the Epstein files, but rather the prosecution of those who committed heinous crimes with Epstein."[188] In another 2013 email exchange, shortly after a successful Falcon 9 rocket launch, Epstein congratulated Musk and later asked if he had tried the wakefulness medication Nuvigil.[227] Musk has publicly stated he "REFUSED" all invitations to Epstein's island;[228] in a 2019 comment to Vanity Fair, Musk said that he had once briefly visited Epstein's home but had declined repeated invitations to Epstein's island.[227] |
| Martin Nowak | In 2003, Epstein donated $6.5 million to establish Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, which Nowak led.[187] Epstein visited Harvard approximately 40 times after his release from jail in 2009, according to a university review.[187] In 2017, Epstein introduced Nowak to his publicist, Masha Drokova, to arrange an interview; Drokova later emailed Epstein to say that she "had a great conversation with Martin" and that "he loves you."[187] After publishing a report on its financial ties to Epstein in 2020, Harvard placed Nowak under sanctions for two years and shuttered the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics; he remains a professor of mathematics and of biology at Harvard.[187] Nowak did not immediately respond to a request for comment.[187] |
| Elisa New | In 2015, the Harvard professor of American literature wrote to Epstein to thank him for a donation he had arranged, stating: "you have been such a wonderful supporter of my Poetry in America project. That gift woke up the Deans to the importance of Harvard's role in producing the highest quality humanities content in the WORLD."[187] A 2020 Harvard review found that one of Epstein's foundations claimed on tax forms in 2016 that it had donated $110,000 to a nonprofit organization of which New was president.[187] New issued a statement apologizing for maintaining contact with Epstein.[187] |
| Stacey Plaskett | Text messages appeared to show Epstein communicating with the delegate representing the U.S. Virgin Islands during a February 2019 House Oversight Committee hearing in which Michael Cohen testified against Trump.[190] Though the recipient's name was redacted, timestamps and message contents appeared to indicate Epstein was texting Plaskett.[190] During the exchange, Epstein noted that Cohen had mentioned Trump's executive assistant Rhona Graff; shortly afterward, Plaskett asked Cohen about Graff during her questioning.[190] Plaskett's office stated that during the hearing she "received texts from staff, constituents and the public at large offering advice, support and in some cases partisan vitriol, including from Epstein," and emphasized her "long record combating sexual assault and human trafficking" and "support for his victims."[190] |
| Tom Pritzker | In a May 2013 email exchange, the billionaire chairman of Hyatt Hotels forwarded Epstein a news article reporting that his cousin Penny Pritzker, then President Obama's nominee to lead the Commerce Department, had understated her income by roughly $80 million.[190] Pritzker wrote to Epstein, "I clearly did something wrong in my last life to have to deal w this bulls---. AND I warned her"; Epstein responded "nice to see you" and "please come more often," and Pritzker replied "Always fun."[190] A representative for Tom Pritzker declined to comment.[190] |
| Hardeep Singh Puri | An email from Puri, currently India's Petroleum Minister, to Epstein in November 2014 detailed reasons for engaging with India following Prime Minister Narendra Modi's election.[184] At the time, Puri had retired from the Indian Foreign Service and was working with the International Peace Institute.[184] Puri did not deny sending the email but did not comment on its contents; BJP spokespersons called Epstein's claims "bogus" and "drunk bragging on mail."[184] |
| Marc Rowan | Emails showed the Apollo Global Management CEO corresponded with Epstein over the firm's tax arrangements throughout the 2010s, despite Apollo having stated in 2020 that it "never did any business" with Epstein.[242] In March 2016, Rowan forwarded Epstein a detailed internal calculation regarding Apollo's tax receivable agreement.[242] Documents showed Epstein was involved in discussions about a possible tax "inversion" deal that would have redomiciled Apollo overseas; in one 2016 exchange, Epstein wrote that "using rothschild for the inversion allows interesting structures," and Rowan responded in agreement.[242] An email from Epstein described a meeting that appeared to be with Rowan: "Mark [sic] was here this morning; we talked Athene, Montauk, Rothschild. Planes boats etc."[242] In 2015, Apollo partner Sanjay Patel emailed Epstein stating that "Marc Rowan asked me to catch up with you regarding the Rothschild conversations."[242] Documents also showed Rowan and another Apollo executive met with executives from Edmond de Rothschild Group at Epstein's Manhattan townhouse in early 2016.[242] Apollo confirmed to the Financial Times that it shared company financial information with Epstein but said this was only for Leon Black's personal financial planning; the firm stated that "Mr Rowan had neither a business nor any other relationship with Mr Epstein" and that "Apollo never did any business with Mr Epstein."[242] |
| Kathryn Ruemmler | Documents showed Epstein sent numerous gifts to Ruemmler, a former White House Counsel under Barack Obama and currently general counsel of Goldman Sachs, who was at the time a lawyer at Latham & Watkins.[227] The gifts included flowers, wine, an Hermès bag, $10,000 in Bergdorf Goodman gift cards, spa treatments, an Apple Watch, and "1 million amex points."[227] Previous Epstein file releases had shown that the two corresponded frequently.[227] Ruemmler stated that her relationship with Epstein was professional and that she regularly interacted with criminals as part of her job, adding: "I regret ever knowing him, and I have enormous sympathy for the victims of Epstein's crimes."[227] In a 2019 email, Ruemmler wrote to Epstein: "Am totally tricked out by Uncle Jeffrey today!"[222] In released emails with Epstein and others, Ruemmler discussed meeting up with him and what she described as "the girls"; a Goldman spokesman said "the girls" was a reference to a mutual client and her daughters.[178] A Goldman Sachs spokesman stated: "It's well known that Epstein often offered unsolicited favors and gifts to his many business contacts."[227] Separately, a March 2018 email from Epstein's office invited Ruemmler to a get-together with Epstein, Miroslav Lajčák, and Steve Bannon.[241] |
| Mehmet Oz | A transaction report from 2004 showed Epstein paid $1,592 for the travel expenses of Oz, who currently serves as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.[243] Epstein was invited to a 2014 event at which Oz was a guest speaker, but wrote in an email that he was unavailable to attend.[243] The files also contained a 2016 email from Oz to Epstein, though its contents were redacted.[243] The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services did not immediately respond to a request for comment.[243] |
| Joshua Cooper Ramo | Scheduling documents showed the then co-CEO of Henry Kissinger's corporate consulting firm had more than a dozen meetings with Epstein from 2013 to 2017, many in the evenings at Epstein's Manhattan townhouse.[198] Ramo was invited to a breakfast at the townhouse in September 2013 with former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak.[198] At the time, Ramo served on the boards of Starbucks and FedEx.[198] He did not respond to requests for comment; a spokeswoman for Kissinger said he was unaware that Ramo was meeting with Epstein.[198] |
| Brett Ratner | The film director appeared in undated photographs with Epstein and Jean-Luc Brunel, a late French modeling agent and longtime associate of Epstein.[244] Additional images released in January 2026 showed Ratner seated on a sofa beside Epstein and two women whose identities were obscured; a series of thumbnails showed Ratner, Epstein, and Brunel with different women.[245] There was no indication of wrongdoing in the files.[245] |
| Ariane de Rothschild | Scheduling documents showed the CEO of Swiss private bank Edmond de Rothschild Group had more than a dozen meetings with Epstein from 2013 to 2019.[198] She bought nearly $1 million worth of auction items on Epstein's behalf in 2014 and 2015, and in October 2015 negotiated a $25 million contract for Epstein's Southern Trust Co. to provide risk analysis services for the bank.[198] In 2019, following Epstein's arrest, the bank initially stated that de Rothschild had never met with Epstein and the bank had no business links with him; the bank later acknowledged to The Wall Street Journal that this statement was not accurate.[198] The bank stated that de Rothschild had no knowledge of any legal proceedings against Epstein and "was similarly unaware of any questions regarding his personal conduct."[198] |
| Kevin Spacey | Undated photographs showed the actor standing with Epstein.[216] Other images showed Spacey visiting the Churchill War Rooms with Bill Clinton and Ghislaine Maxwell during a 2002 visit to the UK as part of a Clinton Foundation humanitarian trip.[217] Spacey told journalist Piers Morgan in 2024 that he traveled on Epstein's plane for the foundation trip but that "he never spent time with him."[216] He has not been accused of wrongdoing in relation to Epstein.[217] |
| Lawrence H. Summers | Emails showed the former Treasury Secretary and Harvard president discussed with Epstein his romantic pursuit of a woman; in one exchange, Epstein referred to himself as a "good wing man."[187][190] Communications between the two continued until days before Epstein's arrest in July 2019.[190][187] Summers stepped back from teaching while Harvard reviews his links to Epstein.[187] |
| Peter Thiel | Documents showed that an investment firm co-founded by the venture capitalist accepted $40 million from Epstein and that the two corresponded for at least five years before Epstein's death.[178] In 2018, Epstein urged Thiel to "Visit me Caribbean."[178] A spokesman for Thiel declined to comment on the relationship but said Thiel "never went to Epstein's island."[178] |
| Steve Tisch | Emails from 2013 show the New York Giants co-owner and Epstein discussing women, with Epstein describing their physical features.[228] In a statement, Tisch said: "We had a brief association where we exchanged emails about adult women, and in addition, we discussed movies, philanthropy and investments. I did not take him up on any of his invitations and never went to his island. As we all know now, he was a terrible person and someone I deeply regret associating with."[227] |
| Robert Trivers | The evolutionary biologist told Reuters in 2015 that Epstein had given him about $40,000 for his research.[187] In December 2018, Trivers emailed Epstein about funding, writing that Epstein had once said he would "never not support me."[187] In 2015, Trivers defended Epstein to Reuters, stating that girls "mature sooner than they used to" and that he did not "see these acts as so heinous."[187] Trivers did not respond to requests for comment.[187] |
| Donald Trump | The New York Times identified more than 5,300 files containing over 38,000 references to Trump, his wife, Mar-a-Lago, and related terms in the January 2026 release; many were news articles or publicly available materials, and none included direct communication between Trump and Epstein.[246] Trump was among half a dozen prominent men about whom the FBI's files included what an official described as "salacious information," according to internal correspondence; the agency compiled tips about Trump into a summary that was released but contained no corroborating information.[246] An 2011 email from the DOJ's files indicates that Epstein planned to call Trump regarding Virginia Giuffre; Trump has claimed he parted ways earlier.[247] Handwritten notes from a September 2019 victim interview described being transported to Mar-a-Lago to meet Trump, with Epstein allegedly saying "This is a good one, huh?"; the notes did not suggest misconduct by Trump.[246] On February 1, 2026, Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche said on CNN that the Justice Department had looked into sexual misconduct allegations against Trump in connection with Epstein but "did not find credible information to merit further investigation."[246] In its press release, the DOJ stated that some documents contained "untrue and sensationalist claims against President Trump" that were "unfounded and false."[248][210] As of February 1, 2026, the list of tips regarding Trump was no longer available on the DOJ's publicly accessible database.[249] |
| Melania Trump | In a 2002 email, Melania Trump wrote to an individual identified as "G" to congratulate her on a New York magazine profile of Epstein.[227] Though the recipient's email address was redacted, Epstein's then-girlfriend Ghislaine Maxwell was photographed in the article.[227] Melania Trump did not immediately respond to a request for comment.[227] |
| Brian Vickers | Documents showed correspondence between the former NASCAR driver and Epstein dating back to at least 2012.[250] Vickers' ex-wife Sarah Kellen has been named as a co-conspirator in Epstein's sex trafficking operation; Kellen has said she is a victim of Epstein, though in 2007 she was accused by authorities in Palm Beach, Florida, of helping recruit young women to provide sex for Epstein.[250] In March 2012, Vickers forwarded Epstein an email with sexually explicit content.[250] In 2013, emails showed Epstein working behind the scenes on NASCAR sponsorships for Vickers after news of Kellen's involvement with Epstein began to surface; Epstein wrote that he had contacted Michael Waltrip Racing co-owners Michael Waltrip and Rob Kauffman to address concerns that sponsor Aaron's might not follow through on a deal.[250] According to Epstein's email, Waltrip and Kauffman did not intend to bring the matter to Aaron's attention; Aaron's went on to sponsor Vickers for the 2014 season.[250] In February 2019, Vickers sent Epstein an email with the subject line "Thought you would like this" and a video attachment.[250] |
| Casey Wasserman | The chairman of the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics organizing committee exchanged personal emails with Maxwell in March and April 2003; in one message, Maxwell offered Wasserman a massage that could "drive a man wild."[251][252] Other documents showed Wasserman and his then-wife flew on Epstein's private jet in September 2002 alongside Maxwell, Epstein, Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and others as part of a humanitarian trip organized by the Clinton Foundation to address HIV in Africa; the trip had been previously documented in a 2003 Vanity Fair story.[252] In a statement, Wasserman said he regretted the correspondence, which he said occurred "long before her horrific crimes came to light."[252] He stated that he "never had a personal or business relationship with Jeffrey Epstein" and said: "I am terribly sorry for having any association with either of them."[252] |
| Les Wexner | In emails from Epstein's account obtained by Distributed Denial of Secrets, Wexner messaged Epstein prior to Epstein's guilty plea in 2008 writing, "All I can say is I feel sorry. You violated your own number 1 rule … Always be careful." Wexner claimed to have severed ties with Epstein in 2007. These emails were not released by the DOJ.[253][254] |
| Michael Wolff | Documents showed extended correspondence between the journalist and Epstein; Wolff has previously said Epstein was a source for his 2018 book Fire and Fury.[190] In December 2015, Wolff told Epstein that CNN planned to ask Trump about his relationship with Epstein; when Epstein asked about crafting an answer, Wolff responded, "I think you should let him hang himself."[190] In October 2016, after the Access Hollywood tape surfaced, Wolff wrote to Epstein that there was an "opportunity to come forward this week and talk about Trump in such a way that could garner you great sympathy and help finish him."[190] Wolff described the emails as "embarrassing" but defended his approach as "playacting" to obtain information about Trump.[190] |
Reaction and fallout
The release of the documents led to the resignation of Miroslav Lajčák, a national security adviser to the prime minister of Slovakia Robert Fico and a former President of the U.N. General Assembly. On 31 January 2026, following a joint statement from opposition politicians calling for his departure and mounting pressure from the media, Lajčák submitted his resignation, which Fico agreed to and accepted, marking the end of Lajčák's tenure as a key advisor.[174] Lajčák explained that his interactions with Jeffrey Epstein were strictly professional and social, characterizing them as a necessary part of his diplomatic duties in New York, where Epstein was a well-connected figure who "opened many doors". Lajčák claimed he cannot recall any messages or conversations with Epstein about girls.[255] Lajčák acknowledged that the communication was a "mistake" and "unacceptable" stating: "When I read those messages today, I feel like a fool. It was a private conversation. At the very least, I made a poor judgment. I am paying the price for it."[256]
On February 1, 2026, British peer Peter Mandelson resigned his membership of the Labour Party to avoid causing it "further embarrassment" for being linked in the files.[257][258] On February 2, 2026, Reform UK and the Scottish National Party reported Mandelson to the Metropolitan Police, calling on them to investigate the leaking of confidential Downing Street files, and whether he may have committed misconduct in public office, pertaining to his time in Cabinet.[259]
On February 1, 2026, the US-Ireland Alliance decided to rename a scholarship that had been known as the "George J Mitchell Scholarship Program" based on allegations, which Mitchell denied, that he along with Epstein and Maxwell abused Virginia Giuffre.[260][261]
The disclosures revived questions about whether the former Prince Andrew, should cooperate with U.S. authorities. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer suggested on February 1 that Mountbatten-Windsor should tell American investigators what he knows about Epstein's activities.[174] Mountbatten-Windsor had not responded to a request from members of the U.S. House Oversight Committee for a "transcribed interview" about his "long-standing friendship" with Epstein.[174]
On February 2, 2026, Joanna Rubinstein resigned from her position as the chair of Sweden for UNHCR, a national partner of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Epstein files" revealed that Rubinstein had visited Epstein’s private island in 2012, a visit she later confirmed while stating she was unaware of the full extent of his crimes at the time. The Swedish UNHCR board stated they had no prior knowledge of these events and accepted her departure to protect the organization’s reputation.[262]
A group of Epstein accusers released a statement criticizing the disclosure, saying the documents made it too easy to identify victims while "Epstein's enablers continue to benefit from secrecy."[174] Representative Jamie Raskin, the ranking Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee, called for lawmakers to be allowed to review unredacted versions of the files to assess whether redactions were lawful.[174] Representative Robert Garcia of California, the ranking Democrat on the House Oversight Committee stated that the Justice Department had defied the committee's August 5 subpoena.[173] Unlike the Epstein Files Transparency Act, which permits redactions, the subpoena required Attorney General Pam Bondi to release the full, unredacted Epstein files to the committee, including any classified materials and information tied to ongoing investigations.[173] Deputy Attorney General Blanche stated on February 2, 2026, that there would be no additional prosecutions related to Epstein. Blanche said that there was "a lot of correspondence. There's a lot of emails. There's a lot of photographs," but added that the materials did not "allow us necessarily to prosecute somebody."[263] Representative Khanna indicated that he and Representative Massie would consider contempt or impeachment proceedings against senior officials if compliance with the transparency law did not improve.[263] The House was expected to vote on holding Bill and Hillary Clinton in contempt for refusing a subpoena to testify; attorneys for the Clintons called the subpoenas "invalid and legally unenforceable."[263]
Redaction issues
Faulty redaction techniques in the December 2025 release allowed members of the public to recover blacked-out content, revealing information that officials had intended to withhold.[168][169] Social media users discovered that blacked-out text in certain documents could be revealed by copying and pasting it into another application; the flaw traced back to a 2021 court filing by the Virgin Islands attorney general's office in a civil racketeering case, which the Justice Department had incorporated into its release.[264] At least 550 pages in the initial December release were entirely blacked out, including a 255-page series of consecutive documents and a 119-page grand jury transcript.[166] Among the recovered content was an unverified FBI tip alleging that Trump had witnessed the killing and disposal of an infant born to a 13-year-old trafficking victim.[265][266]
The January 2026 release drew further criticism over redaction failures. The Justice Department published dozens of unredacted nude images showing young women or possibly teenagers with their faces visible; the images were largely removed after The New York Times began notifying the department.[267] Attorneys for survivors said the names of victims who had never been publicly linked to Epstein appeared unredacted in the files.[268] A Wall Street Journal review found that at least 43 victims' full names were exposed, including more than two dozen who were minors when they were abused; some names appeared over 100 times, and home addresses were visible in keyword searches.[269] Brad Edwards and Brittany Henderson, attorneys who had provided the Justice Department with a list of 350 victims on December 4 to ensure their names would be redacted, said the department failed to perform a basic keyword search to verify its redaction process; Edwards said there were "literally thousands of mistakes."[268][269] Victim Anouska de Georgiou, who had testified against Ghislaine Maxwell, said her driver's license was among the exposed materials and accused the government of "a profound disregard for the safety, protection, and well-being of victims."[269]
The Department of Justice established an email inbox for victims to report redaction errors and said it would remove affected documents pending correction.[268] Attorneys Jennifer Freeman and Sigrid McCawley criticized the handling of the release; Freeman called the redactions "ham-fisted" and accused the department of "hiding the names of perpetrators while exposing survivors."[270] Department officials acknowledged that many records in the files were duplicates; reviewers appeared to have applied different standards when redacting names and other identifying information, with some documents showing a name left exposed in one copy but redacted in another.[174]
On February 1, 2026, attorneys representing more than 200 alleged victims asked federal judges Richard Berman and Paul Engelmayer to order the immediate takedown of the Justice Department's Epstein Files website, calling the release "the single most egregious violation of victim privacy in one day in United States history."[271] Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche defended the department's procedures, saying redaction errors affected "about .001%" of all materials and that the department moved quickly to fix mistakes when notified.[271]
Public opinion
A December 2025 Reuters poll found that 23% of Americans approved of Trump's handling of the Epstein case.[272] A January 2026 CNN poll found that 49% of Americans were dissatisfied with how much of the Epstein files "the federal government has released so far," while 6% were satisfied; two-thirds of respondents said the government was deliberately withholding information.[273]
See also
- Lolita Express – Plane owned by Jeffrey Epstein
- Little Saint James – Private island in the U.S. Virgin Islands
- Relationship of Bill Clinton and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Alan Dershowitz and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Sarah Ferguson and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Peter Mandelson and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway, and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Prince Andrew and Jeffrey Epstein
- Relationship of Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein
- Death of Jeffrey Epstein § Homicide suspicions and conspiracy theories
- List of federal political sex scandals in the United States
- Westminster paedophile dossier – Document describing alleged child abuse
Notes
References
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[Total running time, 24:10 min.]
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- ^ a b c d e Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Osborne, Lucy (May 17, 2024). "'Magic David called': David Copperfield repeatedly contacted Jeffrey Epstein". The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c Robinson, Kim (December 24, 2025). "David Copperfield again named in new Jeffrey Epstein docs". USA Today. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c "Millions of Jeffrey Epstein files released by US justice department". BBC News. January 31, 2026. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ Briggs, Ryan; Marin, Max (January 30, 2026). "New Epstein files show years of email exchanges with Sixers co-owner Josh Harris". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking allegations in Jeffrey Epstein documents—What we know". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 25, 2026. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Bekiempis, Victoria (January 4, 2024). "Jeffrey Epstein: documents linking associates to sex offender unsealed". The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f Rubin, Olivia; Hill, James (November 19, 2025). "LinkedIn co-founder Reid Hoffman's ties to Jeffrey Epstein face Trump-ordered investigation". ABC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e Tracy, Marc; Hsu, Tiffany (September 7, 2019). "Director of M.I.T.'s Media Lab Resigns After Taking Money From Jeffrey Epstein". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c Gregorian, Dareh (December 19, 2025). "Epstein files key takeaways: Heavy redactions, no client lists". NBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d Ensor, Josie; Charter, David; Southern, Keiran; Pavia, Will; Spirit, Lara; Grylls, George (December 20, 2025). "Michael Jackson, Mick Jagger, Trump and more in Epstein files — as it happened". The Times. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Vargas, Ramon Antonio (February 1, 2026). "Michael Jackson detailed his thoughts on children in previously unheard audio". The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Alnes, Espen (January 30, 2026). "Epstein-dokumenta: Jagland planla familietur til Epstein-øy" [Epstein documents: Jagland planned family trip to Epstein Island]. NRK (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kirby, Paul (February 1, 2026). "Norway's PM agrees crown princess had 'poor judgement' over Epstein links". BBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e Monnay, Tatyanna (February 1, 2026). "Brad Karp Asked Epstein for Job for Son, Latest File Dump Shows". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b c d Wiggins, Kaye; Fontanella-Khan, James; Franklin, Joshua; Indap, Sujeet; Smith, Robert (February 1, 2026). "Paul Weiss chair Brad Karp told Jeffrey Epstein: 'You're amazing'". Financial Times. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "Lajčák sa opäť objavil v Epsteinových spisoch. Sexuálny predátor núkal exministrovi mladé ženy" [Lajčák appeared in the Epstein files again. The sexual predator offered young women to the former minister]. SME (in Slovak). January 30, 2026.
- ^ "Epstein ponúkal Lajčákovi mladé ženy: Možno sú príliš mladé, zober si aj sestry. Čo ukazujú nové Epstein Files?" [Epstein offered young women to Lajčák: Maybe they are too young, take the sisters too. What do the new Epstein Files show?]. Aktuality.sk (in Slovak). January 30, 2026.
- ^ "Photo: Then foreign minister Miroslav Lajčák met Jeffrey Epstein at Slovak embassy". The Slovak Spectator. December 19, 2025.
- ^ "„Môžeš mať obe dievčatá. Všetky majú pod 30." Epstein si s Lajčákom dopisoval o ŽENÁCH, Fico mal s Bannonom rozohrať hru" [You can have both girls. They are all under 30.’ Epstein corresponded with Lajčák about women; Fico was allegedly meant to start a game with Bannon]. istream.sk (in Slovak). January 30, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Safdar, Khadeeja; Jeffrey-Wilensky, Jaclyn (January 30, 2026). "What We Know So Far About the Latest Release of Epstein Files". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ a b c Tucker, Eric; Sisak, Michael R. (January 30, 2026). "Justice Department releases largest batch yet of Epstein documents, says it totals 3 million pages". AP News. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm, Johanna (February 1, 2026). "Epstein sent $75,000 to accounts linked to Mandelson, files suggest". BBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b "Mandelson told Epstein of plan for huge EU bailout, emails suggest". BBC News. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b "Peter Mandelson leaked sensitive UK government tax plans to Jeffrey Epstein". Financial Times. February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026. (subscription required)
- ^ a b "Mandelson leaked No 10 documents to Epstein – who then helped him pursue a $4m job". Tax Policy Associates. February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
- ^ "Peter Mandelson reported to police amid new Jeffrey Epstein revelations". The National (Scotland). February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b Gordon Rayner (February 2, 2026). "Gordon Brown's mistake on Mandelson has blown up in Starmer's face". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 2, 2026. (subscription required)
- ^ "Epstein-filene: Omfattende kontakt med Mette-Marit" [Epstein files: Extensive contact with Mette-Marit]. Nettavisen. Retrieved January 30, 2026.
- ^ "Nevnt flere hundre ganger i nye Epstein-dokumenter" [Mentioned several hundreds of times in new Epstein documents]. Adressa. Retrieved January 20, 2026.
- ^ "Nye Epstein-filer: Omfattende kontakt med kronprinsesse Mette-Marit" [New Epstein files: Extensive contact with Crown Princess Mette-Marit]. VG. Retrieved January 30, 2026.
- ^ O'Connor, Barry (September 14, 2025). "University urged to suspend links with 'known associates' of Epstein". BBC. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e "George Mitchell Scholarship renamed over Epstein links". BBC. February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ Dang, Sheila; Delevingne, Lawrence; Qing, Koh Gui (August 10, 2019). "Jeffrey Epstein accuser links powerful men to financier: civil court filing". Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b Sisak, Michael R.; Kirka, Danica; Finley, Ben (January 31, 2026). "Epstein files lead to resignation in Slovakia and calls in Britain for former prince to cooperate". Associated Press. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gara, Antoine; Indap, Sujeet; Wiggins, Kaye; Smith, Robert (February 1, 2026). "Apollo chief Marc Rowan consulted Epstein on firm's tax affairs". Financial Times. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b c d "Report shows Epstein covered Mehmet Oz's travel expense for 2004 trip". CBS News. January 31, 2026. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ Robledo, Anthony. "Melania Trump documentary director Brett Ratner is in the Epstein files". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ a b Phillips, Aleks (February 1, 2026). "Melania director Brett Ratner pictured cuddling woman in Epstein files". BBC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d Eder, Steve; Bender, Michael C.; Enrich, David (February 1, 2026). "How Trump Appears in the Epstein Files". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ Ryan, Brad (February 2, 2026). "What the newly released Epstein files say about Donald Trump". ABC News. Retrieved February 3, 2026.
- ^ "Office of Public Affairs | Department of Justice Publishes 3.5 Million Responsive Pages in Compliance with the Epstein Files Transparency Act". U.S. Department of Justice. January 30, 2026. Retrieved January 30, 2026.
- ^ Rego, Max (February 1, 2026). "Blanche says DOJ unable to investigate tips about Trump's involvement with Epstein". The Hill. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f Axson, Scooby (January 31, 2026). "Epstein files reveal ex-NASCAR driver Brian Vickers' lewd email to sex offender". USA Today. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Dunn, Jack (January 31, 2026). "Jay-Z, Harvey Weinstein and Pusha T Mentioned in Latest Epstein File Release". Variety. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c d Harter, Clara (January 30, 2026). "Epstein files reveal emails between Ghislaine Maxwell, L.A. Olympics boss Casey Wasserman. He expresses regret". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 31, 2026.
- ^ Filby, Max (January 30, 2026). "FBI memos, bank record, odd emails mention Wexner in new Epstein files". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Williams, Mark; Feran, Tim (December 19, 2025). "Email shows Wexner reached out to Epstein after severing relationship". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ "Lajčák verejne prehovoril: Bol som chlapec zo Slovenska v New Yorku, kontakt s Epsteinom otváral veľa dverí" [Lajčák speaks out publicly: I was a boy from Slovakia in New York; contact with Epstein opened many doors]. SME (in Slovak). February 2, 2026.
- ^ "„Keď tie správy dnes čítam, cítim sa ako hlupák." Lajčák otvorene o komunikácii s Epsteinom" [When I read those messages today, I feel like a fool.” Lajčák speaks openly about communication with Epstein]. Startitup (in Slovak). February 2, 2026.
- ^ "Mandelson resigns from Labour to prevent 'further embarrassment' over Epstein links". The Guardian. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ Power, John (February 2, 2026). "UK's ex-ambassador Mandelson quits Labour over Epstein links, reports say". Al Jazeera. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "Mandelson reported to police over files leaked to Epstein". The Daily Telegraph. February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "George Mitchell Scholarship renamed over Epstein links". BBC. February 2, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "US-IRELAND ALLIANCE TO REMOVE NAME OF SENATOR GEORGE J. MITCHELL FROM ITS PRESTIGIOUS SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM" (Press release). US-Ireland Alliance. February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ "Swedish UNHCR chief resigns after Epstein files reveal she visited pedo island". Brussels Signal. February 2, 2026.
- ^ a b c Collinson, Stephen (February 1, 2026). "New document dump does little to answer Epstein questions or the pain of survivors". CNN. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Cohen, Marshall (December 23, 2025). "Botched Epstein redactions trace back to Virgin Islands' 2020 civil racketeering case against estate". CNN. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ PerryCook, Taija (December 26, 2025). "FBI tip alleged Trump witnessed Epstein victim's baby being killed, dumped in Lake Michigan". Snopes. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
- ^ "Epstein Files: Trump witnessed the killing of my newborn baby, 13-year-old girl who was sex trafficked told FBI". Wion. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
- ^ Baker, Mike; Tate, Julie (February 1, 2026). "The Government Published Dozens of Nude Photos in the Epstein Files". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c Hill, James (January 30, 2026). "Latest release of Epstein files includes some survivors' names, despite DOJ assurances, lawyers say". ABC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b c Safdar, Khadeeja; Whitton, Brian (February 1, 2026). "Epstein Files Release Exposes Names of at Least 43 Victims, WSJ Review Finds". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
- ^ Helmore, Edward (February 1, 2026). "Handling of Epstein files is 'outrageous', say attorneys of his sex trafficking survivors". The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ a b Hill, James (February 1, 2026). "Epstein victims' lawyers ask court to order DOJ to take down Epstein Files website". ABC News. Retrieved February 1, 2026.
- ^ Rubin, April (December 12, 2025). "Most Republicans approve of Trump's handling of Epstein files: poll". AXIOS. Axios Media Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2026.
- ^ Edwards-Levy, Ariel (January 18, 2026). "CNN poll: Just 6% of Americans satisfied with how much US has released from Epstein files so far". CNN. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
External links
- The Epstein Files: A Timeline at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Department of Justice: Epstein Library - DOJ Disclosures
- Oversight Committee Releases Epstein Records Provided by the Department of Justice, September 2, 2025
- From the Estate of Jeffrey Epstein. COURIER has compiled the 20,000 documents from Epstein's estate, released by the US House Oversight Committee on November 12, 2025, into an easily searchable repository.
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